It is often claimed that the greatest value of the Bayesian framework in cognitive science consists in its unifying power. Several Bayesian cognitive scientists assume that unification is obviously linked to explanatory power. But this link is not obvious, as unification in science is a heterogeneous notion, which may have little to do with explanation. While a crucial feature of most adequate explanations in cognitive science is that they reveal aspects of the causal mechanism that produces the phenomenon to be (...) explained, the kind of unification afforded by the Bayesian framework to cognitive science does not necessarily reveal aspects of a mechanism. Bayesian unification, nonetheless, can place fruitful constraints on causal–mechanical explanation. 1 Introduction2 What a Great Many Phenomena Bayesian Decision Theory Can Model3 The Case of Information Integration4 How Do Bayesian Models Unify?5 Bayesian Unification: What Constraints Are There on Mechanistic Explanation?5.1 Unification constrains mechanism discovery5.2 Unification constrains the identification of relevant mechanistic factors5.3 Unification constrains confirmation of competitive mechanistic models6 ConclusionAppendix. (shrink)

Oswaldo Porchat (1933-2017) foi um dos filósofos brasileiros mais importantes. Professor da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e fundador do Centro de Lógica e Epistemologia (CLE-Unicamp), foi um pensador profundo e irrequieto: adaptou o estruturalismo francês a nosso contexto, mergulhou no silêncio da não filosofia, aderiu à filosofia da visão comum do mundo e, finalmente, rendeu-se ao ceticismo, pelo qual se sentira atraído e ao qual tinha resistido por longo tempo. Explica essa fecundidade (...) o fato de que, a seu ver, filosofia e espírito crítico não se dissociam, não havendo verdadeiro espírito crítico se este não for aplicado às próprias ideias. Quando se pensam dessa maneira os temas da verdade, do conhecimento e da razão, difícil é não terminar como cético. Quais ideias resistem ao poder corrosivo da razão crítica? O ceticismo de Porchat, entretanto, está muito distante da imagem desoladora que usualmente se tem dessa corrente filosófica. É antes uma original e refinada atualização do pirronismo antigo à luz da filosofia contemporânea, ousadamente propondo a elaboração de uma visão cética do mundo. Organizado em duas partes, este livro retoma todas essas mudanças pelas quais passou o pensamento de Porchat, ao traçar um quadro detalhado das suas diferentes fases e examinar suas opiniões sobre temas centrais da filosofia. Uma das originalidades desta obra é interpretar o pensamento de Oswaldo Porchat com a mesma atenção e o mesmo cuidado com que outros livros se dedicam a filósofos de outros países, contribuindo para aprofundar o debate filosófico no Brasil, sem perder de vista o estudante que se inicia na leitura da obra desse notável pensador. (shrink)

In this volume, a range of high-profile researchers in philosophy of mind, philosophy of cognitive science, and empirical cognitive science, critically engage with Clark's work across the themes of: Extended, Embodied, Embedded, Enactive, and Affective Minds; Natural Born Cyborgs; and Perception, Action, and Prediction. Daniel Dennett provides a foreword on the significance of Clark's work, and Clark replies to each section of the book, thus advancing current literature with original contributions that will form the basis for new discussions, debates and (...) directions in the discipline. (shrink)

O artigo responde a duas perguntas: o que Montaigne entende por experiência? Como ele constrói sua ciência de si mesmo com base na experiência? Há diversos tipos de experiência e é preciso compreender como cada tipo permite a construção de sua ciência. Aprende-se da experiência coletiva da prática jurídica pelo contraexemplo; da experiência interna da alma pelo exemplo tomado a contrapelo; e, por fim, pelo exemplo da experiência pura, aprendem-se as regras para a saúde corporal.

Bazzocchi disposes the text of the Tractatus in a user-friendly manner, exactly as Wittgenstein's decimals advise. This discloses the logical form of the book by distinct reading units, linked into a fashioned hierarchical tree. The text becomes much clearer and every reader can enjoy, finally, its formal and literary qualities.

This paper presents and argues for a contemporary version of skepticism: neo-Pyrrhonism. Interest in the history of skepticism engendered a new, more complex and attractive conception of skepticism. Accordingly, many philosophers now claim they are skeptics. In line with what they say, I develop neo-Pyrrhonism as I see it. It has a negative part, in which dogmas are criticized, and a positive one: first, the neo-Pyrrhonist lives his life according to his skeptical principles and following everyday life, and, second, he (...) is able to describe philosophically his skeptical view of the world, thereby offering possible solutions to philosophical problems empirically conceived. (shrink)

Bayesian cognitive science is a research programme that relies on modelling resources from Bayesian statistics for studying and understanding mind, brain, and behaviour. Conceiving of mental capacities as computing solutions to inductive problems, Bayesian cognitive scientists develop probabilistic models of mental capacities and evaluate their adequacy based on behavioural and neural data generated by humans (or other cognitive agents) performing a pertinent task. The overarching goal is to identify the mathematical principles, algorithmic procedures, and causal mechanisms that enable cognitive agents (...) to take uncertainty into account and weigh it appropriately in producing adaptive behaviour. -/- The appeal of Bayesian cognitive science derives from its transparency, normativity, and unifying power. Resources from Bayesian statistics allow cognitive scientists to characterise transparently, in terms of random variables and probabilistic dependencies between them, the inductive problems that many mental capacities are presumed to solve. Given this characterisation, researchers can define an upper bound on one’s performance on that problem and use it as a benchmark for interpreting experimental results, formulating hypotheses about why and when deviations from optimal performance should be expected, and seeking explanations of mental capacities within one encompassing theoretical framework. -/- Although critics question the testability, explanatory power, and plausibility of Bayesian models of mental capacities, Bayesian cognitive science has proved itself to be an incredibly fruitful research programme. Fuelled by empirical and theoretical results from psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence, and evolution, Bayesian cognitive science has: advanced our understanding of why cognitive systems should keep track of uncertainty and use it to facilitate adaptive behaviour; clarified how the brain might encode information about the uncertainty of its stimuli and perform computations with probability distributions; and crystallised the insight that cognitive agents’ management of uncertainty might be grounded in predictive processes aimed at avoiding surprising exchanges with the environment. (shrink)

The finding that intuitions about the reference of proper names vary cross-culturally was one of the early milestones in experimental philosophy. Many follow-up studies investigated the scope and magnitude of such cross-cultural effects, but our paper provides the first systematic meta-analysis of studies replicating. In the light of our results, we assess the existence and significance of cross-cultural effects for intuitions about the reference of proper names.

The present work refers to the doctorship research that implemented the Free-Expression Painting Studio technique to assist university students who had suicidal ideations or attempts. This technique was developed in France by the psychologist Michel Ternoy, based on Minkowski’s structural-phenomenon analysis method. A group session will be presented and discussed from Michel Henry’s phenomenology of life. Psychology and phenomenology can create spaces for belonging and support, which allow the transformation of suffering from experiences in the community. The Painting Studio makes (...) it possible to experience the affection of the other as a potential of one’s own possibilities, mobilizing the affective dialectical relationship, through which one can go from unbearable suffering to original fruition. We seek to show that art can be part of the therapeutic process as an alternative to the passage to the act of suicide before it becomes unbearable. (shrink)

My intention, in this paper, is to elaborate a conception of colors as part of a skeptical view of the world. In order to do that, I examine how some of the major skeptics throughout the history of philosophy conceived colors, in relation both to other sensible qualities and to the physical object. Next, in the light of the exchange between Barry Stroud and John McDowell, I describe what seems to me to be the common conception of color, which the (...) skeptic not only accepts, but goes even further claiming that he may know the color of objects through sense-perception. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo discute a questão do percurso plástico do pintor Paul Cézanne e a influência direta vivida por Merleau-Ponty nas fases da fenomenologia e da ontologia selvagem. Para tanto, o referido percurso é sustentado pelo tema da organização estruturante das obras de arte que “lançam” os sujeitos da percepção ao mundo vivido. Na fase fenomenológica mostramos o problema da percepção das imagens a partir das criações romântica e impressionista de Cézanne, pintor moderno, que critica a produção clássica pelo (...) poder de representação da natureza em suas formas “nítidas” e delimitadas, por exemplo, pelas linhas e pelos desenhos, estabelecendo-se, a partir dessa questão, a ultrapassagem do mundo determinado. Em seguida, pretendemos mostrar como a pintura do último Cézanne encontra-se aberta, enquanto pintura “selvagem”, ao sujeito e ao mundo, na condição de envolvimento carnal. Desse modo, passamos a compreender questões fundamentais como: o olhar e a experiência perceptiva; o processo de criação pictórica; a constância e os instantes do mundo; a profundidade, a visão radical e a ontologia selvagem. (shrink)

Il s’agit de revenir maintenant sur la portée historico-politique de l’Analytique du sentiment esthétique sublime. L’enjeu n’est pas exclusivement exégétique, mais vise notamment à évaluer ce qu’il en est du « progrès vers le mieux » dans le temps présent. L’essence de l’affect esthétique sublime réside dans un retournement : la défaillance des formes sensibles de présentation, par leur défaut même, présente, négativement, une Idée de la raison (l’infini, la liberté), dont le sentiment est universellement partageable en principe. S’y révèle (...) ainsi « notre destination supra-sensible » : témoigner de l’inconditionné, cultiver la « susceptibilité » aux Idées. Et cela à l’occasion des séquences historico-politiques tout aussi bien, y compris les conjonctures les plus « désolantes ». La désolation elle-même, si elle relève de cette esthétique de la présentation négative de l’Idée, peut faire « signe d’histoire », c’est-à-dire : être un indice probant que les humains dans leur histoire progressent dans la capacité au mieux. Tel fut le cas de l’affect d’ enthousiasme qui gagna les peuples européens lors de la Révolution en 1789. Mais il peut en aller de même pour le chagrin, voire pour le désespoir (en tout cas le « désespoir révolté », die entrüstete Verzweiflung ). 2. Il reste que le retournement de la défaillance des formes en sentiment sublime ne va pas sans quelques difficultés intrinsèques, liées à sa différence d’avec le beau : cette défaillance annonce un certain retrait de l’Idée de sens communis (gage, pourtant, de l’universalité sans concept à laquelle prétend le sentiment esthétique) ; et sa conversion en affection sublime exige la médiation d’une culture rendant les esprits plus sensibles aux Idées. Ne faut-il pas en conclure que, avec ce retrait du sens communautaire et le déclin de la culture (à l’ère de l’industrie culturelle multi-médiatique), il ne peut pas y avoir d’affection sublime, partageable publiquement et faisant « signe d’histoire », attestant qu’il y a progrès? 3. Ce manque de signe esthétique, affectif, éclairerait comment une crise de l’histoire et du politique est-elle possible. Cette crise, n’est-elle pas ce qui s’installe désormais comme le trait constitutif fondamental de notre sort à présent? En proie aux menaces de catastrophe globale qui pèsent aujourd’hui sur la planète et sur l’humanité, ce qui nous reste encore de « résistance » n’est-il pas dû davantage à l’angoisse de la survie, plutôt que tiré par le sens d’une Idée incommensurable qui, témoignant de notre destination supra-sensible, attesterait toujours que nous sommes en progrès vers le mieux? (shrink)

O artigo compara alguns aspectos da refutação do ceticismo nos Princípios e nos Três diálogos. Embora normalmente não se veja nenhuma diferença importante entre essas obras, duas hipóteses são defendidas aqui: de um lado, Berkeley desloca o foco de sua crítica das idéias abstratas para a noção de matéria e, de outro, muda sua estratégia de combate, da enunciação imediata da verdade para a lenta elaboração das consequências céticas da noção de matéria. Berkeley’s answers to skepticismThe topic of this paper (...) is a comparison between Berkeley´s refutation of skepticism in the Principles and in the Three Dialogues. It is usually held that there is no philosophical difference between these two works. However, I suggest that not only Berkeley´s diagnosis of the causes of skepticism changes from his criticism of abstract ideas to the notion of matter, but also that he changes his strategy of refutation: from a direct statement of the truth of immaterialism to an examination of the consequences of the notion of matter. (shrink)

Computational approaches dominate contemporary cognitive science, promising a unified, scientific explanation of how the mind works. However, computational approaches raise major philosophical and scientific questions. In what sense is the mind computational? How do computational approaches explain perception, learning, and decision making? What kinds of challenges should computational approaches overcome to advance our understanding of mind, brain, and behaviour? The Routledge Handbook of the Computational Mind is an outstanding overview and exploration of these issues and the first philosophical collection of (...) its kind. Comprising thirty-five chapters by an international team of contributors from different disciplines, the Handbook is organised into four parts: History and future prospects of computational approaches Types of computational approach Foundations and challenges of computational approaches Applications to specific parts of psychology. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology, and philosophy of science, The Routledge Handbook of the Computational Mind will also be of interest to those studying computational models in related subjects such as psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. (shrink)

O artigo traça, em primeiro lugar, uma distinção entre dois tipos de ceticismo, o terapêutico, em que a cura do dogmatismo é a idéia motriz, e o fenomenista, cuja preocupação central é a descrição da vida comum. Em seguida, examinam-se as noções de terapia e de vida comum, na tentativa de depurar ou aperfeiçoar o ceticismo, chegando-se a conclusão de que a terapia cética mais coerente deve restringir-se ao próprio caso e de que a descrição da vida mais conforme à (...) atitude cética confina-se à experiência pessoal. Por fim, formula-se uma posição cética, na qual predominam os aspectos terapêutico e autobiográfico. (shrink)

Olexandr Lukovyna’s interview with Professor Plínio Junqueira Smith is devoted to skeptic research in Brazilian philosophy, the beginning of skeptic studies in Brazil, Oswaldo Porchat’s and Ezequiel de Olaso’s roles in establishing the tradition of skeptic studies, contemporary studies in skepticism, and the global state of affairs in skeptic research.

Latin American religious political thought includes colonial Spanish and Portuguese ideologies that preceded independence but have survived into the post-independence era, authoritarian ideologies supportive of military governments in the twentieth century, and progressive liberation theologies. In this article, I present a distinct tradition: a version of classical liberal thought. This tradition is skeptical of big government, opposed to caste systems, supportive of a high degree of federalism, uneasy with militarism, and supportive of democratic institutions while affirming religious social norms. This (...) ideology was developed in northeastern Brazil in the early nineteenth century by a Carmelite activist named Frei Caneca (Brother Mug), who published a newspaper titled the Typhis Pernambucano (Tiphys of the State of Pernambuco). (shrink)